线性同余方程

// Extended Euclidean Algorithm.
// Finds integers x, y such that a*x + b*y = gcd(a, b),
// and returns gcd(a, b).
int ex_gcd(int a, int b, int& x, int& y) {
  if (!b) {
    x = 1;
    y = 0;
    return a;
  } else {
    int d = ex_gcd(b, a % b, y, x);
    y -= a / b * x;
    return d;
  }
}

// Solves the linear congruence equation:
//     a * x ≡ b (mod n), where n > 0.
// Returns the smallest non-negative solution x,
// or -1 if there is no solution.
int solve_linear_congruence_equation(int a, int b, int n) {
  int x, y;
  int d = ex_gcd(a, n, x, y);
  if (b % d) return -1;
  n /= d;
  x *= b / d;
  return (x % n + n) % n;
}

def ex_gcd(a, b):
    """
    Extended Euclidean Algorithm.
    Finds integers x, y such that a*x + b*y = gcd(a, b),
    and returns (gcd, x, y).
    """
    if b == 0:
        return a, 1, 0
    d, x1, y1 = ex_gcd(b, a % b)
    x = y1
    y = x1 - (a // b) * y1
    return d, x, y


def solve_linear_congruence_equation(a, b, n):
    """
    Solves the linear congruence equation:
        a * x ≡ b (mod n), where n > 0.
    Returns the smallest non-negative solution x,
    or -1 if there is no solution.
    """
    d, x, y = ex_gcd(a, n)
    if b % d != 0:
        return -1
    n //= d
    x *= b // d
    return (x % n + n) % n